What swap is on Linux, how much you need, how to create a swap partition or swap file step by step, make it permanent, tune swappiness and when to use zram.
What a disk partition in Linux is, MBR vs GPT, primary, extended and logical partitions, and how to create, format and mount one with parted or fdisk.
Linux user and group management explained: user types, key files, creating, changing, locking and deleting users, groups, sudo access and best practices.
Linux special permissions explained: SUID, SGID and the sticky bit with examples, their security risks, and how to use ACLs with setfacl and getfacl.
Linux file permissions explained: read, write and execute for owner, group and others, directory permissions, chmod modes, chown and umask.
Linux fundamentals and basic commands for beginners: the shell, paths, files and directories, searching text, permissions, processes and getting help.
The difference between Linux and Windows explained: licensing, kernel, file system, users and permissions, software, security, servers and which to choose.
The difference between Linux and Unix: history, licensing, kernels, POSIX and certification, examples like AIX and macOS, and where each is used today.
Ten practical reasons to use Linux in 2026: cost, security, stability, control, cloud, developer tools, older hardware and careers, plus when not to.
What is the Linux operating system? Its history from Unix and GNU, how the kernel and distributions work, popular distros and the file system hierarchy.
